考满分 toefl

1 .Listen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.

听一段在动物行为学课程中的演讲

1 .All right, I hope you all had a chance to finish the assigned readings about animal play, because I want to spend some time discussing the different viewpoints presented in those articles.

好的。我希望你们已经完成了关于动物行为的阅读作业，因为我想让你们花些时间讨论一下那几篇文章中所展示的不同的观点。

2 .Let's start with the play-as-preparation hypothesis.

让我们从准备型玩耍假说开始吧。

3 .Jerry, can you explain it?

Jerry你能解释一下吗？

1 .Yeah, play-as-preparation. The young animals play in order to get really good at certain specific things they'll need to do when they are adults, things like chasing, pouncing, climbing.

对，准备型玩耍。幼龄动物玩耍是为了为将来她们长大之后必须要做的事情做好准备，这些事情包括追赶，猛扑，爬树。

2 .In other words, they play in order to practice survival skills, like movements used in hunting and fighting.

换句话说，它们玩耍是为了锻炼它们的生存技能，比如说一些在捕猎和争斗中用到的动作。

3 .That hypothesis makes a lot of sense, like, maybe the most sense of all the theories we read about.

这个假说很有道理，可能在我们所读过的其他假说中是最有道理的一个。

1 .And, what leads you to that conclusion?

为什么这么说？

1 .Well, like wolves, the young pups, they fight a lot and bite, you know, not to hurt each other, but, just seems obvious why those wolf pups play like that, give them practice with skills that'll make them better hunters or fighters as adults.

嗯，比如狼，小狼会经常互相打斗撕咬，你知道的，它们不会伤害对方，但是……那些小狼们之所以这么做的原因是显而易见的。因为这样会锻炼它们的技巧，以使得它们日后更擅长于捕猎和搏斗。

1 .Oh, I don't know about that, I mean, some of the things the young animal does while playing are totally different from the things they will do as an adult.

额，我不同意这一点。我的意思是，当幼龄动物玩耍的时候做的一些事情完全不同于她们日后要做的事情。

2 .There was a really good example in second article. I can't remember what it is called exactly.. uh... self...

第二篇文章就有一个很好的例子。我记不得它具体叫什么了，额，自我……

1 .Self-handicapping?

自我设障

1 .RIGHT! Self-handicapping, like during the fake fight... uh... a play fight, if one of the animals is winning, the winning animal might just stop and give up its advantage.

对，自我设障。比如，在它们假打假闹的时候，如果其中一方占了上风，那么这只就会停下来，放弃它的优势。

1 .Yes, and often a shift to a submissive posture, too.

对，而且它经常会转换到一个顺从的姿势。

2 .Of course self-handicapping hardly ever happens in a real fight, because in a real fight, well, the point is to win.

当然，在一个真正的打斗中不会有自我设障。因为在真的打斗中，目的就是为了赢。

3 .So this self-handicapping is important to take this into account before just deciding to go with that first explanation.

所以，自我设障，在决定就是第一个解释之前，考虑自我设障这个因素是非常重要的。

4 .And in fact, there really isn't much in the way of solid experimental evidence to support the play-as-preparation hypothesis.

而且事实上，也没有什么可靠的试验证据去支持准备型玩耍假说。

1 .What about the other one, the flexibility hypothesis?

另外一个怎么样？那个灵活性假说？

1 .Ah, yes. Let's talk about that.

啊，对。我们来谈谈这个。

2 .As you say, play is much more than just pretend fighting or practicing other adult behaviors.

正如你所说，玩耍不仅仅是假打假闹或锻炼成人行为。

3 .Apparently, it also contributes to the development of a brain that's flexible.

显然，它还有利于灵活的大脑的发育，

4 .A brain that's quickly able to get a handle on unfamiliar situations.

灵活的大脑能够迅速的掌握陌生的环境。

5 .This notion, the flexibility hypothesis, well, many of my colleagues find it quite persuasive.

这个想法， 这个灵活性假说，嗯，我的很多同事都说这个很有说服力。

1 .So like, with kids, a little kid might play a game with a friend, and then they might race each other across the field, so, they are switching from one type of play to another, there's a lot of variety?

所以，就像小朋友一样，一个小孩可能会跟他的朋友一起玩游戏，然后他们开始赛跑。他们从一种玩耍状态转换成另外一种。情况有很多种

2 .I mean, they are learning to response to whatever happens?

我的意思是，他们正在学习应对一切发生的事情。

1 .Well, that's the general idea. But let's hold off on talking about human behaviors from now.

好，那就是大概的意思。但是，我们现在不再讨论人类行为。

2 .OK, according to the flexibility hypothesis, yes, the diversity, the variety in play can lead to a broader behavioral vocabulary.

根据灵活性假说，玩耍种类的不同会导致更多的行为类型。

1 .A broader behavioral vocabulary?

更多的行为类型？你能解释一下是什么原因吗？

2 .Can you explain what that means?

你能解释一下是什么原因吗？

1 .Well, sometimes play results in an animal doing something it would not normally do, that can lead to the animal learning to adapt, to come up with new behaviors that can help it cope with major problems later on, like staying safe or finding food.

好吧，有时候动物玩耍会做一些平时都不会做的事情。这个能引导动物们学习去适应，去发展新的行为，帮助解决它们之后会遇到的主要的问题，比如说保持安全和寻找食材。

1 .Yeah, and there was that brain study you had us read about, too.

对，还有你让我们读的关于大脑研究的东西。

1 .Oh, the one on how play affects development within the brain?

哦，是玩耍如何影响大脑发展的那个吗？

1 .Right, that's it. About the animals raised in an environment where they did not get opportunities to play?

对，就是这个。关于成长在没有机会玩耍的环境中的动物的。

2 .Yes, wasn't the conclusion interesting?

对，结论是不是很有趣？

3 .That play literally stimulates growth creates connections within the brain?

玩耍实际上能够刺激成长，建立与大脑之间的联系？

4 .We need to do further studies, but...

我们需要做更多的研究，但……

1 .Excuse me. Can we go back to play fighting for a minute?

抱歉，我们能不能回去再讲一下打闹玩耍？

2 .I'm wondering, can the flexibility hypothesis really explain that?

我在想，灵活性假说真的能够解释它吗？

1 .Play fighting? Actually that's something that flexibility hypothesis explains very well.

打闹玩耍？实际上，灵活性假说可以很好的解释它。

2 .Since play fighting includes variations in speed and intensity, and quick role reversals involved with self-handicapping, and animal that's play-fighting is constantly responding to changes.

因为打闹玩耍涉及到速度和强度上很大的变化，还有自我设障中的角色互换。一个打闹玩耍中的动物经常要对变化做出反应。

3 .So it's learning to be flexible.

所以它在学习变得更加灵活。