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第一段
1 .Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.
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第二段
1 .So, we've been talking about early civilizations, how they developed, and early agriculture.
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2 .And it's believed that agriculture arose independently in a few areas of the world about ten thousand years ago, and then spread from those areas to the rest of the world.
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3 .Those cradles of agriculture include the Middle East, China and Southeast Asia, and parts of the Americas.
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第三段
1 .Now, for many years archaeologists have speculated that agriculture also arose independently in another center, too-New Guinea, which is just north of Australia, in the South Pacific Ocean.
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2 .You can see it on this map.
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第四段
1 .So, it had been assumed for a long time that New Guinea,
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2 .that domesticated plants and animals,
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3 .the practice of agriculture, generally,
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4 .had been introduced from Southeast Asia about 3500 years ago,
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5 .had come south essentially.
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第五段
1 .Then in the 1960s and 70s, research was conducted at sites in New Guinea to explore the possibility of independent agricultural development.
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第六段
1 .But unfortunately, the evidence gathered at that time was inconclusive.
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第七段
1 .For instance, although evidence was found of deforestation,
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2 .you know, cutting down trees, from at least 7,000 years ago,
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3 .that is long before we;d thought previously.
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4 .It was unclear whether the forest had been cleared by farmers to plant fields,
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5 .or by hunter-gatherers, so they could hunt more easily.
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6 .And many plant remains like seeds and fruits don't preserve well in swampy soils, in humid environments like you often find in New Guinea.
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7 .So really, the proof was limited.
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第八段
1 .But, recent research has turned up some pretty convincing support.
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2 .A group of archaeologists returned to a site that had been previously examined,
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3 .Kuk Swamp, which is in a mountain valley in the highlands of what is now Papua, New Guinea.
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第九段
1 .Based on their findings, they identified a succession of phases of agricultural development in the wetlands there,
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2 .with several of these phases predating the earliest known agricultural influence from Southeast Asia.
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第十段
1 .At the site in Kuk, they used an array of modern archaeological methods to analyze sediment samples from the soil.
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2 .From the oldest soil layer dating back 10,000 years, they found evidence of pits, stake holes and ditches.
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3 .Now, these all indicate that crops were being planted.
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4 .Plants are tied to stakes, and ditches are for... for drainage,
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5 .a proof of a very early, first phase of agricultural development.
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第十一段
1 .The second phase, which they identify from a higher layer of soil, featured regularly distributed mounds.
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2 .Mounds were constructed to plant crops that can't tolerate very wet soil,
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3 .such as bananas, because remember Kuk is a swampy wetland, and bananas wouldn't ordinarily grow well there.
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第十二段
1 .And in the layers from Kuk's third phase, they found evidence of an extensive network of ditches and drainage channels,
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2 .indicating a further refinement of wetland cultivation.
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3 .Because they had more advanced techniques than were available to earlier researchers,
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4 .the archaeologists also were able to identify actual plant remains - micro-fossils in the soil from banana plants,
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5 .and...and also grains of starch from taro, on the edges of stone tools that date from about 10,000 years ago.
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第十三段
1 .Finding the taro remains were very important,
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2 .because it meant that it must have been planted there, brought from the lowlands,
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3 .because taro doesn't grow naturally in the highlands.
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第十四段
1 .And as for the bananas, researchers also found a high percentage of fossils from banana plants in sediment samples dating from about 7,000 years ago,
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2 .proof the bananas were deliberately planted,
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3 .because where bananas grow naturally the concentration of the plant fossils is lower.
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4 .Bananas don't naturally grow so densely.
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5 .As a matter of fact, recent genetic research,
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6 .genetic comparisons of banana species,
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7 .suggests that the type of banana grown in New Guinea was domesticated there and then brought to Southeast Asia.
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第十五段
1 .So, not sure where I'm going with this?
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第十六段
1 .Well, usually, we expect to see that certain social changes are brought about by the development of agriculture,
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2 .structural changes in the society like rapid population growth, different social classes.
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3 .But New Guinea, it's largely unchanged.
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4 .It's remained an egalitarian and rural society, so what does that tell us about the usual assumption?
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