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第一段
1 .Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.
听一段人类学课程上的演讲
第二段
1 .So now that we've discussed how people in ancient societies tamed animals like cows and chickens for food and other uses.
我们讲完了古代人是如何驯养动物，比如奶牛和鸡，作为食物和其他用途。
2 .I'd like to talk about an ancient culture that domesticated horses.
我想讲一个驯化马的古代文明。
3 .It's the Botai people.
。叫做波太民族。
第三段
1 .The Botai culture thrived over 5000years ago in central Asia, in what is now northern Kazakhstan.
五千多年前，波太文化在中亚，现在的哈萨克斯坦北部，十分繁盛。
2 .Pretty much all of what we know about the Botai comes from three archaeological sites.
我们对波太所了解的所有东西是从三个考古遗址发现的。
3 .And we learned the Botai were able to build large perennial villages, sometimes with hundreds of homes.
我们知道波太人能够建造大规模而且坚固的村庄，有时有百余户居民。
4 .We also found horse bones at these sites and these can be traced back to the time of the Botai settlements.
我们还在这些遗址发现了马骨，能追溯到波太文明的时期。
5 .The climate that the Botai culture lived in... it was harsh.
波太文明生活的气候是非常严峻的
6 .And the Botai people... they didn't really seem to have much in the way of agriculture going on.
波太人。。。他们看起来并没有许多靠农业延续的方法
7 .So their whole economy was really based on horses .
所以他们整个经济都依赖于马
8 .And because horses can withstand the tough climate, they can survive ice storms and they don't need heated barns.
因为马可以耐住恶劣的气候，他们可以在暴风雪中生存，也不需要取暖的马房。
9 .The Botai people could settle in one place and rely on horses for food, clothing and transportation.
所以波太人可以生活在一个地方并依赖马匹作为食物，衣服和交通方式。
第四段
1 .So the Botai were the first to domesticate horses?
波太人是最早驯化马的人吗？
2 .Well, we are pretty sure that horses were first domesticated a bit earlier, to the northwest, in the area that is now Ukraine and western Russian.
嗯，我们确定马最初被驯化的时间更早，在波太的西北方向，如今的乌克兰和俄罗斯西部。
3 .It's quite possible that some of those people later migrated east to Kazakhstan.
很可能当时那些人后来向东迁移到哈萨克斯坦去了。
第五段
1 .But what exactly tells us that these Botai people, that the horses in their area were really domesticated?
但是是什么告诉我们这些波太人，马在他们的地区真的是被驯化的？
第六段
1 .As with most ancient history, there is not much that we can be certain about.
和其他古代史一样，很多事情我们都不能确定。
2 .But we know there was a significant population of wild horses in that area.
但是我们知道在波太地区有大量的野马。
3 .So there were plenty of opportunities for the Botai people to find horses to domesticate.
所以波太人有很多机会来驯服野马。
4 .We also know that horse milk was an important source of food for the Botai people.
我们还知道马奶是波太人的一种重要食物来源。
5 .What? Milking a wild horse? Well, now, that would be impossible... to milk a wild horse.
什么？给野马挤奶？那肯定不太可能。
6 .And then... there's the...
然后还有。
第七段
1 .Oh, Yes? Eric.
哦，什么事？Eric。
2 .So you said last week that for some animals, like for dogs, there were physical changes taking place over the course of generations of dogs because of domestication.
你上周说过对一些动物，比如狗，因为驯化，狗一代一代的逐渐发生了一些体形变化。
3 .So can we tell from those horse bones if it was sort the same for horses?
所以我们能从马骨上发现同样的变化也发生在马身上么？
第八段
1 .Actually, it wasn't.
其实没有这种变化。
2 .We know that horses have not changed a lot physically as a result of domestication.
我们知道的是马的体形并没有因为因为驯化而改变。
3 .So those ancient horse bones don't tell us much about domestication.
所以这些古代马骨并没有提供很多关于驯化的信息。
4 .But... we've found that... um... we've found what maybe pens or corrals in the Botai settlements.
但是，我们在波太村落里发现了像是马圈一样的东西。
5 .And not too long ago, a new approach was used to find out if the Botai people were keeping horses.
。而且最近，有一个判断波太人是否养马的新方法。
6 .Soil samples from these pens or corrals show ten times the concentration of phosphorus.
来自马圈的土壤标本中有10倍的磷元素
第九段
1 .Um... phosphorus?
呃，磷元素？
第十段
1 .Yes. Phosphorus is a very significant indicator that horses, large numbers of horses were being kept in those settlements.
是的。磷元素表示有马，大量的马，被养在村落中。
2 .You see, horse manure, horse waste is rich in phosphorus and also nitrogen compared to normal soil.
你看马的粪便中含有大量的磷和氮元素，和普通土壤相比。
3 .But nitrogen is an unstable element.
但是氮是个不稳定的元素。
4 .It can be washed out when it rains or it can be released to the atmosphere, whereas phosphorus combines with calcium and iron, and can be preserved in the soil for thousands of years.
它会被雨冲走或者进入大气层，但是磷元素会与钙和铁结合，然后被能在土壤中保存几千年。
第十一段
1 .The soil from the Botai settlement sites was found to have high concentrations of phosphorus and low nitrogen concentrations, which is important since it suggest that what we've got is really old, not something added to the soil more recently.
波太遗址的土壤中有大量的磷和少量的氮，这很重要因为它意味着这是非常非常古老的土壤，而非最近的
第十二段
1 .Wait. So if horses have been there recently, there'd still be lots of nitrogen in the soil.
等一下。如果最近有马到那儿去，土里就会有很多氮。
2 .That's right.
对
第十三段
1 .Yes. Karen.
什么事，karen
第十四段
1 .I just read an article.
我刚看了篇文章
2 .It said that one way to determine if there was an ancient fireplace at an archaeological site was to check the soil for phosphorus.
。里面说一种确定是否在考古遗址有火炉的方法就是检查土壤里的磷。、
3 .So couldn't the phosphorus at the Botai sites just be from the frequent use of fireplaces?
那么，波太遗址里的磷会不会从火炉中来呢？
第十五段
1 .You are absolutely right.
你十分的正确
2 .However, when a fireplace leaves behind a lot of phosphorus in the soil, we'd also find an unusually high concentration of potassium.
但是，如果火炉在土壤中留下大量的磷，我们还会发现非常高钾含量。
3 .But the soil at the Botai settlements, it was found with relatively little potassium, which makes it far more likely that the phosphorus came from horses. Ok?
但是在波太的土壤没有很多钠，所以图中的磷更有可能是从马身上来的。
第十六段
1 .Now, later on, people of the same region, northern Kazakhstan, started raising sheep and cattle.
好的，在同一地区，哈萨克斯坦北部的人们之后开始养绵羊和牛。
2 .And that led to a more nomadic culture.
这产生了游牧文明。
3 .Since sheep and cattle can't survive harsh climates, they needed to be taken south every winter.
因为羊和牛不能在恶劣气候中生存，每年冬天他们需要南迁。
4 .Moving around meant working harder but the trade-off was far richer, fattier milk year round and warm clothing from the sheep.
迁移因为着更辛苦的工作，但是好处是人们变得更富有，终年有肥沃的奶喝还有羊毛做的温暖的衣服。