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第一段
1 .Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
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第二段
1 .Unfortunately, the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date.
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2 .Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age.
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第三段
1 .First, about the Gulf Stream.
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2 .Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America, but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere, in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example.
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3 .Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became colder, it cannot explain the Little Ice Age.
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第四段
1 .Second, the volcanoes theory.
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2 .It's true that if volcanic eruptions put enough dust into the atmosphere the result can be a cooler climate.
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3 .But large amounts of volcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at the time.
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4 .For example, dramatically colorful sunsets or snow being grey or brown instead of white.
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5 .But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age.
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6 .So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower global temperatures.
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第五段
1 .Third, about forests on farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide.
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2 .There just was not enough time for this effect to work.
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3 .The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly, which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to feed the growing population.
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4 .As a result, we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long-term global cooling of the climate.
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5 .Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific theories presented in the reading passage.
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