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第一段
1 .Listen to part of a lecture in an united state history class.
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第二段
1 .It's interesting how much we can learn about culture in the United States by looking at how Christopher Columbus has been portrayed throughout United States' history.
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2 .So let's start at the beginning.
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第三段
1 .Columbus' ships first landed in a... landed in the Caribbean.
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2 .There's some debate about which island.
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3 .He landed in 1492, but it wasn't until 300 years later in 1792 that his landing was first commemorated.
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4 .And this was the brainchild of John Pintard.
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第四段
1 .Pintard was a wealthy New Yorker, the founder of the New York Historical Society.
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2 .And he decided to use his influence and wealth to find a great hero, a patron for the young country.
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3 .And he chose Columbus.
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第五段
1 .And in New York, in 1792, the anniversary of Columbus's landing was commemorated for the first time.Now, other cities, uh, Philadelphia and Baltimore followed. And...
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第六段
1 .But why Columbus?
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2 .And why there?
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第七段
1 .Well, to Pintard it was a way to build patriotism in the young, politically fractured country.
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2 .Remember, the United States had only declared its independence from Britain 16 years earlier, and had yet to form a national identity.
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第八段
1 .Pintard also had a hand in helping to create Independence Day, you know, July 4th; as a national holiday.
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2 .So you see that he was very involved in creating sort of a national story for Americans.
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3 .And Columbus, he felt Columbus could become a story that Americans could tell each other about their national origins that was outside of the British colonial context.
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4 .The United States was in search of a national identity.
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5 .And its people wanted heroes.
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第九段
1 .But why not some of the leaders of the revolution?
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2 .You know, like George Washington.
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第十段
1 .The leaders of the revolution were the natural candidates to be heroes, but many were still alive and didn't want the job.
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2 .To them, being raised to hero status was undemocratic.So Columbus became the hero.
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3 .And the link between Columbus and the United States took hold.
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第十一段
1 .And so what was that link?
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第十二段
1 .Well, Columbus was portrayed as entrepreneurial, someone who took chances, who took risks, and he was cast as somebody who was opposed to the rule of kings and queens.
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2 .Perhaps most of all, Columbus was portrayed as someone who was destined to accomplish things, just as America in those early years was coming to see itself as having a great destiny.
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第十三段
1 .But Columbus was supported by the king and queen of Spain. He wasn't against them.
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第十四段
1 .True.
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2 .To be historically accurate, the way Pintard thought about Columbus doesn't match up with the facts of his life at all.
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3 .And I really have to stress this: the fact that Columbus became the hero of a young country had little to do with Columbus, anything he did, and a lot to do with what was happening in the United States 300 years later.
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第十五段
1 .Columbus was extraordinarily adaptable to the purposes of America's nation builders, people like John Pintard in the early part of the 19th century.
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2 .And since not a lot of facts were known about Columbus, because writings weren't available in North America until...until 1816.
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3 .That might have actually helped the process of adapting him to American purposes.
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第十六段
1 .Since no one knew much about the real Columbus, it was easy to invent a mythical one?
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第十七段
1 .Exactly.
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2 .And this mythical Columbus, it became a reflection of the society which chose him.
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第十八段
1 .So in the early history of the United States, Columbus represented an escape from the political institutions of Europe.
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2 .He was the solitary individual who challenged the unknown.
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3 .And now there was this new democracy, this new country in a world without Kings.
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4 .Columbus became sort of the mythical founder of the country.
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第一十九段
1 .So as historians, we wouldn't want to study these myths about Columbus and mistake them for facts about Columbus.
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2 .But if we are trying to understand American culture, then we can learn much by studying how America adapts Columbus for its own purposes.
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第二十段
1 .Evaluations of Columbus then will reflect what Americans think of themselves.
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2 .Oh, there is a quote, something like, "societies reconstruct their past rather than faithfully record it."
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3 .And how that reconstruction takes place and what it tells us, that's something we are going to be paying a lot of attention to.
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