考满分 toefl

1 .Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.

听一段建筑史课程上的演讲

1 .So last week we started our unit on residential architecture in the United States.

上周我们开始讲美国的住宅建筑。

2 .So today we'll be surveying a number of architects who make contributions to residential architecture in the 19th century.

今天我们讲一些对19世纪的住宅建筑做出贡献的建筑师。

1 .Now, it's worth noting that people who designed homes at that time probably had to deal with a certain amount of discouragement.

值得注意的是那个时代设计房子的建筑师不得不面临很多挫折，

2 .Since there were other architects who thought it was more respectable to design the kind of buildings... and maybe other structures... that were less... less utilitarian in their function.

因为其他建筑师认为可敬的设计的建筑或结构...来自于.不太功利的功能

3 .In fact, an article from an 1876 issue of a journal called The American Architect and Building News stated that, and this is a quote, they stated that "the planning of house isn't architecture at all."

事实上，从1876年发行的美国建筑师与建筑新闻杂志说，说：“房子的规划根本就不是建筑学”！

1 .So keep that journal article in mind as we look at the work of an architect named Harriet Morrison Irwin.

记住文章所说的这点，我们看一下一个名为哈里特·莫里森欧文的建筑师的作品。

2 .Harriet Morrison Irwin was from the South, born in North Carolina in 1828.

哈里特·莫里森欧文来自南方，1828年出生于北卡罗来纳州，

3 .At the time, there weren't many architects from the southern United States.

在那个时期，大多数建筑师都不是美国南部的。

4 .And as you might imagine, very few of them were women.

正如你所能想象的，女建筑师就更少了

5 .So Irwin was really a pretty exceptional case.

因此，欧文真是一个特例。

6 .And she wasn't even formally trained as an architect.

她甚至没有接受过正式的成为建筑师的培训。

7 .Her educational background was in literature.

她的教育背景是文学。

8 .Yes, Vicky?

是的，维姬？

1 .So she just had like... unnatural gift for architecture?

所以她是对建筑学有天分吗？

2 .Yes. She was actually a writer for several years.

是的。她实际上当了几年作家。

3 .But she did have a penchant for math and engineering, so she read a lot about it on her own.

但她确实有一个爱好是数学和工程学，她读了很多关于这方面的书籍。

4 .Um... especially the architectural essays written by the British critic - John Ruskin.

嗯......尤其是由英国评论家- 约翰·罗斯金写的建筑论文。

5 .And John Ruskin believed what?

约翰·罗斯金的理论是？

1 .Um... that buildings should have a lot of access to the outdoors to nature.

嗯...建筑应该有很多通向外界的途径，通向自然。

2 .Ruskin said that being close to nature was great for people's mental and physical health.

罗斯金说，亲近大自然对人的心理和身体健康非常有好处。

1 .Right! So that was an influence.

没错！所以这就是他的理论的影响。

1 .Now, Harriet Irwin's contribution to architecture was relatively minor but still quite interesting and unique.

哈里特·欧文对建筑学的贡献是比较小的，但还是挺有趣的，独特的。

2 .She designed a house with a hexagonal shape. Josh?

她设计的房子是六角形的。乔希？

1 .A house with six sides?

房子有六面？

2 .Instead of the standard, you know, four-sided home?

而不是标准的房子，四面的那种？

1 .Yeah. The rooms inside the house were also hexagonal six-sided.

是啊。屋内房间也是六面的。

2 .So one important thing was that the rooms were arranged around a chimney in the center of the house, which could provide heat for the whole house through flues, uh, small air passageways into each room, as opposed to having a fireplace in every room, which would require more cleaning and make the air inside the house dirtier.

一个重要的事情是，房间都围绕着房子中心的一个烟囱而建，这可以通过烟道为整个房子提供热量，嗯，小的空气通道进入各个房间，而不是让每个房间都有壁炉，那样的话每个房间都要打扫而且屋内的空气也很脏。

1 .The house's shape also allowed for more windows.

房子的形状要有更多的窗户。

2 .Each room had a large wall that could fit a couple of big windows, giving every room a nice view of the outdoors.

每个房间有一个大墙，可以容纳几个大窗户，让每一个房间都能享受到户外美景。

1 .Plus there be good airflow through the house.

另外的好处就是房子的空气流通比较好。

1 .Yes. In warm weather when you can open all the windows.

是的。在天气暖和的时候，你可以打开所有的窗户。

1 .Good. The doors to the house as well... uh... the house didn't have a main entrance or any hallways.

好。房子的门......房子没有正门和许多走廊。

1 .So there could be a couple of entry doors in different places, which like the windows, provided ready access to the outdoors.

因此，有可能在不同的地方有很多出口，就像窗户，提供随时到户外的出口。

1 .So, what other advantages might there be to hexagonal rooms?

所以六角形的房间还有什么其他优势？

1 .OK. Think about cleaning.

好。想想打扫。

2 .What part of a room is usually the hardest to clean?

房间的哪一部分，通常是最难打扫的？

3 .Like... to sweep with a broom. Right?

比如...用扫帚扫

1 .Oh! The corners.

哦！角落。

2 .Because in square or rectangular rooms, the corners are at 90 degree angles.

。因为在正方形或矩形的房间，角落是90度的角。

3 .It's hard to reach all the dust that gathers in the corners.

很难清扫聚集在角落的灰尘。

4 .But if Irwin's rooms were closer to a circle than a square.

但是，如果欧文的房间更接近圆形，

5 .It would be easier to reach all the dust and dirt with a broom. Right?

这样会更容易清除所有的灰尘和污垢。对吗？

1 .Exactly.

没错

1 .Now... um... biographers who wrote about Irwin in the 19th century, I feel, sort of downplayed the ingenuity of her design.

现在，嗯......19世纪的传记作家在写欧文的时候，我觉得，有点低估了她的设计

2 .But I think if she had designed this house today, the same biographer would praise her for coming up with a floor plan that emphasized function, efficient function of a house, as well as a design that's creative and unique.

我认为，如果她是在今天设计了这个房子，同样的传记作家都将称赞她想出一个强调功能的设计，作为房子的功能高效，以及设计有创意、独特。

1 .In any cases, three houses were built in Irwin's time that used her hexagonal design.

总之，在欧文时代，有三间房子是用她的六边形设计建造的。

2 .And in 1869, when she was 41, Irwin became the first woman in the United States to receive a patent for an architectural design.

在1869年，她41岁的时候，欧文成为了美国史上第一位获得建筑设计专利的女人。

3 .And that speaks volumes if you ask me.

这很有意义。