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第一段
1 .Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.
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第二段
1 .I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior, and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon: swarm intelligence.
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第三段
1 .Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals like a colony of termites, a school of fish, or a flock of birds.
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第四段
1 .Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence and we'll use the ant as our model.
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第五段
1 .Now, an ant on its own is not that smart. When you have a group of ants, however, there you have efficiency in action.
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2 .You see, there is no leader running an ant colony. Each individual, each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.
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第六段
1 .Rule number one: deposit a chemical marker called a pheromone.
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2 .And rule two: follow the strongest pheromone path.
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3 .The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.
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第七段
1 .So for example, when ants leave the nest, they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.
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2 .If they find food, they return to the nest on the same path,
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3 .and the pheromone trail gets stronger.
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4 .It's doubled in strength.
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5 .Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first, its pheromone trail is stronger and other ants will follow it according to rule two.
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6 .And as more ants travel that path the pheromone trail gets even stronger.
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第八段
1 .So what's happening here?
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第九段
1 .Each ant follows two very basic rules.
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2 .And each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.
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3 .And it's i mportant to note, even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,
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4 .they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and the food source,
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5 .because it's the most reinforced path.
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第十段
1 .By the way, a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we are studying to everyday life.
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2 .And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.
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第十一段
1 .Well, businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems.
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2 .For instance, in telephone networks,
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3 .when a call is placed from one city to another,
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4 .it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.
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5 .At each point, a decision has to be made:which direction does the call go from here?
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第十二段
1 .Well, a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food. Remember, individual ants deposit pheromones and they follow the path that is most reinforced.
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第十三段
1 .Now, in the phone network,
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2 .a computer monitors the connection speed of each path and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest, the least crowded parts of the network.
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3 .And this information, converted into a numeric code, is deposited at the network nodes.
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4 .This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment.
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5 .The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced. So similar to the ant's behavior,
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6 .at each intermediate node, the call follows the path that is most reinforced.
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7 .This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole and calls get through faster.
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第十四段
1 .But getting back to animal behavior,
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2 .another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.
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3 .How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?
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第十五段
1 .Well, it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.
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第十六段
1 .Rule one:stay close to nearby birds.
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第十七段
1 .Rule two:avoid collision with nearby birds.
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第十八段
1 .And rule three:move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.
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第一十九段
1 .Oh, and by the way, if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans,
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2 .the movie industry's been trying create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.
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第二十段
1 .The question was:how to do it easily on a large scale?
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2 .A researcher used these three rules in a computer graphics program, and it worked.
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3 .There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.
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第二十一段
1 .However, I'm not surprised that more research is needed.
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2 .The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations, but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.
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3 .So, if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,
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4 .that computer model might be too limited.
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