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第一段
1 .Listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.
听一段心理学课程上的演讲
第二段
1 .Okay. So, uh, to continue our discussion...
好的，来继续我们的讨论。
2 .When philosophers talk about the basis of knowledge, they don't mean the source of information about any particular subject.
当哲学家谈论知识的依据，他们不是指某一学科的信息来源。
3 .They mean how we know what we know.
而是指我们如何习得我们所知的事情。
第三段
1 .Let's start with one philosophical view - foundationalism.
首先我们来看一个哲学观点，基础主义。
第四段
1 .Foundationalism is the view that our knowledge claims, what we think we know, that is, they need to have a base.
基础主义是说我们所认为的真相，或者说我们自以为了解的东西，需要有一个基础。
2 .And think of knowledge as a house, you need a solid foundation on which to build your house.
知识想像成一个房子，你需要在地基上盖房。
3 .And if you have a strong foundation, your house is more likely to be solid.
如果你的地基很结实，你的房子也会坚固。
4 .Well, foundationalists think the same thing is true of knowledge.
基础主义者认为知识遵从这个道理
5 .If you have a solid base for your knowledge claims, then your knowledge structure is more likely to be strong valid, true.
如果你认为的真相有个稳固的基础，那么你的知识结构也就更容易坚固，有用，真实。
第五段
1 .First, you need some good foundational knowledge claims, and then the rest of the knowledge claims can be based on these.
首先，你需要一些完善的基本的真相，之后在其基础上建立其他的真相。
2 .Now, as to what kinds of knowledge claims are foundational, well, that's where this gets particularly interesting, in fact it sort of depends on which philosopher you ask.
之后在其基础上建立其他的真相。关于怎样的真相是基本的，这儿就变得特别有趣了。其实，它是因哲学家而异的。
3 .Take John Locke for instance.
比如说约翰·洛克。
第六段
1 .Locke's viewpoint essentially was that when humans are born, their minds are like blank slates, that is, we don't have any kind of knowledge when we are born.
洛克的观点主要是当人类刚出生时头脑一篇空白，也就是，我们刚出生时没有任何的认知。
2 .We get our knowledge from our senses, you know, taste, touch, smell, sight, hearing.
我们通过感官获取认知，像味觉，触觉，嗅觉，视觉，和听觉。
3 .So, when we look at the world, first as babies and then as we grow, that's where our knowledge comes from.
所以我们出生后和成长中，认知来源于周围的世界。
4 .Our senses, our experiences serve as the foundation for our knowledge.
我们的感官和经验是认知的基础。
第七段
1 .Now, for a very different view, let's turn to another philosopher - René Descartes.
好，我们来看另一个哲学家勒内·笛卡尔，他有非常不同的观点。
第八段
1 .Descartes thought that you have to go much deeper to find the foundations.
笛卡尔认为你需要更深入的探寻知识的基础。
2 .He believed that our senses are not to be trusted.
他认为不能信任感官。
3 .So he wanted to find a more solid foundation for knowledge.
于是，他想找到一个更坚固的知识基础。
4 .He began with what has come to be called methodological doubt.
他采取的第一步后来被称作“方法论式的怀疑”。
5 .And when we say methodological doubt, well...
我们讲“方法论式的怀疑”，
6 .Descartes believed that everything should be questioned, that is, approach it with doubt, and that if you could find one thing that cannot be false, that one thing would serve as a foundation for all other knowledge claims.
笛卡尔认为任何事物都应该被质疑，也就是一开始先质疑，然后如果你发现一个事物不可能是虚假的，这个事物就可以作为其他真相的基础。
第九段
1 .So unlike John Locke, Descartes doubts that knowledge comes to him from his senses.
所以不像洛克，笛卡尔质疑感官感觉到的任何知识。
2 .He points out that at some time or another, everyone has been deceived by their senses.
他指出人们或多或少都曾被感官所迷惑。
3 .We have all had experiences where our senses have been wrong - illusions, perhaps, mirages.
我们都经历过感官带来错误认知和幻像，比如蜃景。
4 .When driving in a car on a hot summer day, you may see what looks like shimmering water on the road, which, as science tells us, is really just a mirage, an illusion caused by the heating of the air.
在炎热的夏日开车时，你可能在路上会看到闪亮的水坑，其实科学告诉我们者只是一个蜃景，一个由加热空气产生的幻觉。
5 .Our senses are wrong, they've deceived us.
我们的感官是错误的，欺骗了我们。
6 .And Descartes thinks that since our senses can deceive us, we ought not take for granted that what they tell us is really true.
而笛卡尔认为既然感官会误导我们，我们不应该理所当然的认为感觉到的东西是真实的。
7 .That's the first step in his methodological doubt.
这是“方法论式的怀疑”的第一步。
第十段
1 .From there he wonders, well, ok, I can doubt my senses, but can I doubt that I am sitting in this room?
由此他想，好吧，我可以怀疑我的感官，但是我能怀疑我是否坐在这个房间里吗？
2 .Can it seem that we are not really here? That we are somewhere else?
我们可能不是真实的吗？我们也许身处其他地方
3 .He conceives that most of us would know that we are sitting in the room. But then he says, well, couldn't I just be dreaming?
他认为大多数人都知道他们确实是坐在房间里。但是他又想到我可不可能是在做梦呢？
4 .He's had dreams that were so real that he thought he was awake when in fact he was actually asleep.
他曾经做过非常真实的梦，以致于梦醒后他才发现自己是在做梦。
5 .And this is another good point.
这是另一个非常好的观点。
6 .It's really hard to be sure that you are not actually dreaming.
确定自己不是在做梦是非常困难的。
7 .Yet another proof for Descartes that we can't always trust what our senses are apparently telling us.
这再次证实了笛卡尔说的我们不能总是相信感官感受到的东西。
8 .We could be dreaming.
我们可能在做梦
9 .And there's really no good way to prove that we are not.
而且没法证实我们不在做梦。
第十一段
1 .So the common sense picture of reality, that the world is really the way it looks to us, Descartes shows that we cannot just assume this to be true beyond all doubt.
对真相的通常认识，也就是世界是我们看到的样子。笛卡尔表明我们不能毫不怀疑的假设我们看到的就是真实的。
2 .And he does this by talking about illusions and also by arguing that we could be dreaming.
他通过讲幻觉和梦境来论述这一观点。
3 .But consider this, he says, while one is thinking or doubting, or doing any of those sorts of mental activities, one has to exist, right?
但是，他说，想象一下，如果一个人在思考或怀疑或正从事其他的脑力活动，这个人必须先存在对吗？
4 .To even think that I doubt that I exist, you have to exist!
我必须存在，才能想到怀疑自己的存在！
5 .And so what Descartes has done is find at least one thing that he can be certain of.
于是笛卡尔找到了一个他能确定的事情。他说：
6 .He says, "I exist."
我是存在的，
7 .And that's a start. And other knowledge he tells us can be based on that foundation.
而这是一切的基础。而他的其他认知建立在他本人存在的基础上。