考满分 toefl

1 .Listen to a conversation between a student and the professor.

听一段学生和老师间的对话。

1 .Hi, professor Handerson. That was a really interesting lecture in class today.

你好，汉德森教授！今天你的课真的是太精彩了！

1 .Thanks, Tom. Yeah, animals' use of deception, ways they play tricks on other animals, that's a fascinating area.

谢谢，汤姆。嗯，动物的欺骗，以及他们如何戏弄别的动物，是一个很有趣的研究领域

2 .One we are really just starting to understand.

而且我们也才刚刚起步。

1 .Yeah, you know, selective adaptations over time are one thing.

是的，一段时间内的选择性适应就是其中一个方面。

2 .Oh, like, non-poisonous butterflies, that have come to look like poisonous ones.

譬如，嗯，无毒的蝴蝶，会在一段时间内，渐渐看上去跟有毒的类型一个样了。

3 .But the idea that animals of the same species intentionally deceive each other, I have never heard that before.

但是，某些动物会刻意欺骗他们同类的这个想法，我之前从来没有听说过。

1 .Right, like, there are male frogs who lower their voices and end up sounding bigger than they really are.

好吧，我举一个例子，比如，雄性青蛙在鸣叫的时候，会降低鸣叫的音高，使得它们的声音更低沉，比他们本来的叫声底。

1 .So they do that to keep other frogs from invading their territory?

这样的话，他们就能保卫自己的领地，使得别的青蛙不敢侵犯吗？

1 .Right, bigger frogs have deeper voices, so if a smaller frog can imitate that deep voice. Well...

对的，个头越大的青蛙，鸣叫的声音音高也就越低，所以，如果小个儿的青蛙能够模仿这种叫声的话，嗯……

1 .Yeah, I can see how that might do the trick.

好的，我能猜到他们是怎样做到的。

2 .But, anyway, what I wanted to ask was, when you started talking about game theory, well, I know a little bit about it, but I am not clear about its use in biology.

但是，我真正想知道的是，你提到过的博弈论。嗯，我虽然知道一点，但我不知道它在生物学上的应用。

1 .Yeah, it is fairly new to biology.

是这样的，这个理论对于生物学还是非常新的。

2 .Basically, it uses math to predict what an individual would do under certain circumstances.

基本上说，它依靠数学计算来预计某一个动物个体在某一种特定环境下的反应。

3 .But for example, a buisness sells, oh computer, say, and they want to sell their computers to a big university.

比如说，做生意吧，比如买电脑，如果电脑商想要把电脑卖给一个规模大的大学

4 .But there is another company bidding too.

而另一个公司也在竞标。

5 .So, what should they do?

这样的话，他们会怎么做呢？

1 .Well, try to offer the lowest price so they can compete, but still make money.

嗯，在能够赚钱的前提下，相互竞争，给出尽量低的价格。

1 .Right, they are competing, like a game, like the frogs.

答对了，他们会竞争，就像一场游戏一样，就像我们刚才讲的青蛙一样。

2 .There are risks with pricing too high, the other company might get the sale, there is also the number and types of computers to consider.

他们都面临着这样的境况，即如果给的标价太高，另一家公司就会拿下订单；而且，他们还要考虑出售电脑的数量和种类。

3 .Each company has to find a balance between the costs and benefits.

每家公司都要在成本和盈利之间争取平衡。

4 .Well, game theory creates mathematical models that analyze different conditions like this to predict outcomes.

而博弈论呢，可以帮助他们建立起数学模型，并以之分析不同条件下可能的结果会是怎样的。

1 .Ok, I get that.

好的，我懂了！

2 .But how does it apply to animals?

但这个理论是怎样用在动物上的呢？

1 .Well, you know, if you are interested in this topic, it would be perfect for your term paper.

嗯，如果你真的对这个东西感兴趣的话，它很适合作为你的学期论文题目。

1 .The literature review?

您说的是哪个文献综述作业吗？

1 .Yeah, find three journal articles about this or another topic that interests you and discuss them.

是的，它要你找出三本不同杂志上相关的、令你感兴趣的观点，然后你对这些观点进行讨论。

2 .If there is a conflict in the conclusions or something, that would be important to discuss.

如果三本杂志上的说法有抵牾的话，那么这个矛盾的地方就有必要讨论了。

1 .Well, from what I have looked at dealing with game theory, I can't say I understand much of the statistics end.

嗯，从我现在知道的关于博弈论的文献来看的话，里面涉及的许多统计学结论我都不太明白。

1 .Well, I can point you to some that presents fairly basic studies, that don't assume much background knowledge.

嗯，我可以交给你一些非常简单的基础知识，不需要太多背景你就能懂的那种。

2 .You'll just need to answer a few specific questions: what was the researchers' hypothesis? What did they want to find out?

你特别有必要搞清楚这样几个问题：研究者的假设是什么？他们想要得出什么样的结果？

3 .And how did they conduct their research? And then the conclusions they came to?

他们是怎么进行他们的研究的？他们得出了怎样的结论。

4 .Learning to interpret these statistics will come later.

之后才涉及到你如何解读那些统计数据的问题。